Hydrates: A novel method to achieve carbon neutrality

A research team from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have proposed achieving carbon neutrality by storing CO₂ emissions in the form of hydrates under ocean floor sediments.

Are hydrates a plausible solution to tackling CO₂ emissions?

Scientists have proposed that the best method, to address the growing issue of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) emissions, is to capture and store CO₂ emissions in the form of hydrates under ocean floor sediments, which is then kept in place by the natural pressure created by the weight of the seawater above.

However, an issue that scientists have noted is the question of how stable this stored CO₂ would be for the extended periods of storage required to keep the carbon in place and out of the atmosphere.

Researchers from NUS’ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, have demonstrated ground-breaking experimental evidence of the stability of CO₂ hydrates in oceanic sediments – an essential step in making this carbon storage technology a viable reality. 

“It is the first of its kind experimental evidence that we hope is going to spur further activity on this technology development,” explained Professor Praveen Linga, the lead researcher of the study.

These findings were first published in the Chemical Engineering Journal.

Using a specially designed laboratory reactor, the NUS team showed that CO₂ hydrates can remain stable in oceanic sediments for a period of up to 30 days. Going forward, the same process can be used to validate the stability of CO₂ hydrates for much longer periods, said the research team.

How important are pressure conditions in this process?

At low-temperature, and under high-pressure conditions created by the ocean, CO₂ can be trapped within water molecules, which then forms an ice-like substance. These CO₂ hydrates form at a temperature just above the freezing point of water and can store as much as 184 cubic metres of CO₂ in one cubic meter of hydrates.

The presence of huge volumes of methane hydrates in similar locations around the world, and their safe existence, presents a natural correlation to support the principle that CO₂  hydrates will remain stable and safe if stored in deep-oceanic sediments. 

The researchers observed that this technology could eventually be developed into a commercial-scale process, allowing countries to efficiently sequester more than two million tons of CO₂ annually as hydrates, to achieve emission reduction targets.

How important are the conditions on the ocean floor?

Working with specially designed equipment, Professor Linga and his team recreated the conditions of the deep ocean floor, where temperatures range between 2°C to 6°C, and pressures are 100 times higher than what we experience at sea level.

Creating a macro-scale reactor that could maintain such conditions was challenging and is one of the reasons why past experiments to test the stability of CO₂ hydrates were not possible. The NUS team overcame this challenge by utilising an in-house designed pressurised vessel, which was lined with a silica sand bed, and imitated ocean sediments.

Scientists were able to form solid hydrates on top, and within the silica sand bed, and transitioned the pressurised vessel to mimic oceanic conditions to observe the stability of the formed solid CO₂ hydrates in sediments. Under pressurised conditions, the hydrates were observed for 14 to 30 days and were found to show a high degree of stability.

What does this technology mean for the future of CO₂ emissions?

This hydrate technology would allow nations to sequester large volumes of carbon emissions in deep-ocean geological formations, as opposed to how it is currently stored in depleted oil and gas reserves and saline aquifer formations. For countries like Singapore, which has set a target to become carbon neutral by 2050, the technology could be a significant tool for reducing CO₂ emissions.

“In order to achieve carbon-neutrality targets, we have to look at new options that provide scale and speed to sequester CO₂. Deep-ocean sequestration in sediments such as CO₂ hydrates is a promising solution,” explained Linga.

The next step for the team will be to scale up the experiment’s volume and timescale. “From an experimental standpoint, we are planning to scale up by 10 times along with further innovations to develop quantifiable tools and methods for the technology,” concluded Linga.

Moving forward, the team aimed soon to demonstrate six months stability for the CO₂ hydrates.

Researchers recently announced funding under the Low-Carbon Energy Research Funding Initiative from the Singapore government to develop cutting-edge low-carbon energy technology solutions that will greatly support the development of this storage technology.

With the planned future experiments, scientists intend to develop and validate models that can predict the stability of CO₂ hydrates thousands of years into the future.

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