John Durcan, Senior Technologist at IDA Ireland, discusses the global development of quantum computing and how Ireland is leading this revolution.
Quantum computing is poised to revolutionise the world of computation, offering the potential to solve complex problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers and offering breakthroughs in fields such as cryptography, optimisation, material science, and drug discovery.
Operating on the principles of quantum mechanics, this technology utilises qubits to execute computations at unprecedented speeds, but it comes with its challenges.
Nevertheless, the global landscape of quantum computing is evolving, and several countries, particularly Ireland, are at the forefront of research and practical applications, propelling this revolutionary field forward.
Trends and advancements
In recent years, quantum computing has made significant progress, both in terms of hardware and algorithms.
In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a computation that would take classical supercomputers thousands of years to complete. This milestone demonstrated the potential of quantum computers to outperform classical counterparts for specific tasks.
Researchers are developing hybrid systems that combine the strengths of quantum and classical computing. These systems leverage quantum processors for specific tasks and use classical computers for tasks requiring high precision and error correction.
Additionally, there have also been advancements when it comes to quantum networking. Quantum communication is progressing with the development of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, enabling secure transmission of information. Quantum networks hold the promise of unhackable communication and distributed quantum computing.
Moreover, major technology companies and research institutions have developed quantum processors with increasing qubits, enhancing their capabilities. Late last year, IBM took the record for the largest quantum computing system with a processor that contained 433 quantum bits, or qubits.
Challenges and plans to overcome them
Despite the remarkable advancements, quantum computing faces substantial challenges:
- Decoherence and error mitigation: Quantum states are delicate and easily disrupted by their environment, leading to errors. Error correction codes and quantum error correction techniques, such as surface codes and topological qubits, are being developed to mitigate the impact of errors and increase the reliability of quantum computations.
- Interference: Quantum systems exhibit interference phenomena, where qubits‘ superpositions interfere destructively or constructively, affecting computation outcomes. Techniques to control and mitigate interference are under exploration.
- Cost: Quantum computing’s development and maintenance are costly, so research efforts are also focused on reducing hardware costs and optimising resource allocation.
- Scalability: Building large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers is a significant challenge. Quantum annealing and trapped ion technologies are being explored to create scalable quantum architectures.
- Shortage of skilled workforce: Quantum computing requires a specialised skill set. According to the World Economic Forum, more than half of quantum companies are hiring and struggling to find people with the right skills. Most current jobs are highly technical, and the only people trained in quantum technologies are highly academic. Educational programs and partnerships between academia and industry in countries like Ireland are helping to address the shortage of quantum experts.
Ireland’s quantum computing leadership and global contributions
As the worldwide landscape of quantum computing evolves, several countries attempt to find solutions to these challenges. Ireland continues to enhance its position in quantum computing research and development. The country boasts several research institutions, including Trinity College Dublin, which hosts the Centre for Quantum Engineering and Science.
Additionally, multinational companies like IBM, Fidelity, and Microsoft have established quantum research initiatives in Ireland, fostering collaboration between academia and industry. In 2023, for instance, the Trinity Quantum Alliance (TQA) was launched. The TQA collaborates with Trinity, Microsoft, IBM, Horizon Quantum Computing, Algorithmiq and Moody’s Analytics, bringing together experts from research and industry for innovative projects in quantum science and technology, simulation, education, and computation.
The TQA is the catalyst for investment in quantum technology in Ireland, with the ultimate goal being to construct a vibrant ecosystem to benefit various industry sectors, and it is already bringing results. In collaboration with IBM Dublin, Trinity’s quantum physicists have successfully simulated super diffusion in a system of interacting quantum particles on a quantum computer, which is the first step in doing highly challenging quantum transport calculations on quantum hardware.
Moreover, Ireland’s Walton Institute, a hub for quantum research and innovation, also plays a pivotal role in the country’s quantum leadership, as it fosters quantum advancements. Fidelity Investments, a financial leader, is also actively engaged in quantum research. In Ireland, Fidelity’s Center for Applied Technology (FCAT) collaborates on quantum projects, demonstrating the financial sector’s keen interest in quantum’s potential applications.
Ireland is partaking in the global race to quantum computing, as are several other countries also making substantial contributions to the quantum landscape. The United States is a quantum powerhouse, with major players like IBM and Google leading the charge. These companies are pushing the boundaries of both quantum hardware and algorithms. Institutions like the Perimeter Institute in Canada excel in quantum theory and quantum communication research.
China has made significant strides in quantum communication and quantum cryptography. Its launch of the world’s first quantum satellite, Micius, and its experiments in quantum key distribution demonstrate a commitment to quantum communication’s practical applications. The European Union’s Quantum Flagship programme is a testament to its dedication to quantum research. This program fosters collaboration across member states, channelling resources and expertise into various quantum projects, from quantum computing to quantum communication.
Australia and Singapore have established quantum research hubs, contributing to quantum technology and applications innovation. All these countries recognise the potential of quantum computing and are actively investing in research and infrastructure to drive advancements.
Conclusion
Quantum computing holds tremendous promise for solving complex problems and transforming various industries.
Addressing challenges related to error correction, scalability, and workforce development will be essential as the field advances. Ireland’s active role in quantum research and its collaborations with key players make it a significant player in shaping the future of quantum computing.
Significant efforts from other countries underscore the global recognition of quantum’s transformative potential. As these countries collaborate, share knowledge, and make advancements, the future of quantum computing and its applications becomes increasingly promising.
