Norwegian researchers have successfully designed a ceramic membrane reactor (MRs) to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production.
Researchers at CoorsTek Membrane Sciences, the University of Oslo, and Instituto de Tecnologica Quimica in Valencia, Spain have collaborated to develop ceramic membrane reactor technology to improve hydrogen production. With this technology, the researchers have successfully created a method to achieve both hydrogen production and CO2 capture in a single step. This makes the method much more energy efficient.
Improving energy efficiency
“Currently established methods have energy efficiency ratings of between 70% and 75%, but our approach has a potential efficiency of 90%,” explained Harald Malerød-Fjeld at CoorsTek Membrane Sciences in Oslo. “The end product is compressed hydrogen with a high degree of purity. The ceramic membrane reactor also separates carbon dioxide more efficiently, enabling the greenhouse gas to be easily transported and sequestered.”
Five years ago the researcher team had just succeeded in demonstrating the fundamental principles behind producing hydrogen using a new and highly energy-efficient approach. A recent article in Science has now confirmed that the method works, and the team is now working to scale up the technology.
“This is an important step on the road to making hydrogen far more practical as a fuel,” commented Malerød-Fjeld. “The process also has a low carbon footprint.”
Natural gas can be accessed in large volumes, such as from here in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. A new technology that converts this gas into hydrogen, and which captures CO2 at the same time without using external energy, is now attracting international attention.
Designing ceramic materials for energy conversion
CoorsTek Membrane Sciences specialises in the manufacture of ceramic materials for energy conversion and, together with SINTEF, is one of the research partners in this project.
The research is being conducted at SINTEF’s facilities and laboratories in Oslo, which are co-located with CoorsTek Membrane Sciences’ premises. Senior Research Scientist Thijs Peters at SINTEF is one of the co-authors of the Science article about the new project.
“What is interesting about this technology is that it has both short- and long-term relevance,” added Peters. “It can be used not only for the production of blue hydrogen from natural gas, but also for green hydrogen from biogas or ammonia as part of a ‘more sustainable future.’”
Steam reforming
The technology used for producing hydrogen from natural gas is called steam reforming. Natural gas consists largely of methane and when this reacts with steam, four hydrogen molecules are obtained for every methane molecule. In order for this reaction to be successful, the steam must be supplied at high temperatures.
A major problem associated with steam reforming is that the process is energy-demanding and takes place in several stages. It also has CO2 as a by-product. The new technology, on the other hand, requires no external heat to drive the steam reforming process. A key to the new process is that heat is produced automatically when the hydrogen is being pumped through the ceramic membrane. In this method, the heat is generated exactly where it is required.
From a cell to a membrane reactor
The smallest building block used in the new method is an electrochemical fuel cell that consists of a six-centimetre-long ceramic cylinder. The scaled-up membrane reactor, which is described in the Science article, measures 4cm by 40cm. It is made up of 36 such cells that are connected to form a continuous electrical circuit.
The material that connects the cells consists of a glass-ceramic which, as the name suggests, is a composite of both glass and ceramic materials, such as porcelain. This material is then mixed with an electrically conductive metal powder.
According to CoorsTek Membrane Sciences, the development of this material has been key to making the scaling-up process possible. The reactor membrane is then placed in a steel tube that keeps the gases under high pressure.
Proton-conducting ceramic
The secret behind the new technology lies in the material, called a proton-conducting ceramic, that makes up the membrane that removes the hydrogen from the gas mixture.
On encountering methane (CH4), the hydrogen molecules are split, and the membrane breaks the individual atoms down into their constituent protons and electrons. The positively-charged protons permeate through the membrane, while the electrons are captured on the electrodes and transported around the membrane via an external electrical circuit. When the protons and electrons are reunited on the other side of the membrane, the product is pure, compressed hydrogen.
Tested at SINTEF
SINTEF’s role in the project has been to test the reactors and to investigate how this new hydrogen production concept can be integrated into a larger energy system.
“It is very rewarding working so closely together with a client to develop a technology that is so relevant to the green transition,” explained Thijs Peters. “One learns a great deal from such close working relationships with people in so many different fields.”
Harald Malerød-Fjeld is also very pleased. His company’s collaboration with SINTEF has been very close and has generated visible results that have now been reported in a highly prestigious international periodical.
Achieving commercialisation in the next two years
The next stage in the development of this technology is already in progress. A pilot facility has been established in Dhahran in Saudi Arabia. The generator installed at this facility, which is five times bigger than the one described in the Science article, has also been revealed to work.
“We are certain that this technology can be scaled up even further,” concluded Harald Malerød-Fjeld. “Our hope is that the first industrial installation of a commercial hydrogen production system can take place in the next two to three years.”
SINTEF is continuing to collaborate with CoorsTek Membrane Sciences on the development of larger membrane reactors, and both organisations are working on other projects related to materials technology.
